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Ich dnek mal hier wird sich keiner dran stören...ich muss das mal kurz zwischenlagern. Halte morgen ein Referat und kanns zuhause nicht drucken, muss ich deswegen in der Schule machen und ich hab keinen Bock für den Quatsch nen Rohling zu verschwenden.
1945
Ho Chi Minh declares Vietnam's independence. The French refuse to acknowledge this and reoccupy Indochina as a colony. One year later: beginning of Indochina war (8 years)
1953
November - The French Army occupies the valley of Dien Bien Phu in order to force a battle with the Viet Minh.
1954
March - General Giap accommodates the French by surrounding the base with fifty thousand Viet Minh soldiers. The valley is isolated and the siege begins.
May 7 - Dien Bien Phu falls.
July 20 – Geneva Conference on Indochina: France and the Viet Minh agree to end hostilities and to divide Vietnam temporarily into two zones at the 17th parallel.
In the North, Ho Chi Minh and the Viet Minh establish a Communist government, with its capital at Hanoi. French forces withdraw to the South, along with hundreds of thousands of anti-communist civilians. Ngo Dinh Diem establishes an anti-Communist state -- the Republic of Vietnam (RVN).
1955
Direct military aid from the US to South Vietnam begins.
1959
Infiltrators from the North became important to communist efforts in the South. Hanoi activates a special military transportation unit to control overland infiltration through Laos and Cambodia. The North Vietnamese Army (NVA), together with Laotian Communist forces, consolidated their hold on areas adjacent to both North and South Vietnam through which passed the network of jungle roads called the Ho Chi Minh Trail. As a result, it became easier to move supplies south to support the Viet Cong in the face of the new dangers embodied in U.S. advisers, weapons, and tactics.
1960
December - Hanoi creates the National Liberation Front of South Vietnam (the Viet Cong). The revival of guerrilla warfare in the South found the 700 man US Military advisory group, the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN), and Diem's government ill prepared to wage an effective campaign.
1961
John F. Kennedy becomes President of the US. He sharply increased military and economic aid to South Vietnam to help Diem defeat the growing insurgency. By 1963 the US has 16,000 servicemen in Vietnam.
1962
February - The US Joint Chiefs of Staff establish the United States Military Assistance Command, Vietnam (MACV), in Saigon.
1963
November 1 - A US supported coup d' etat topples the Diem government. Diem and his brother are killed.
November 22 - Kennedy is assassinated. Lyndon Johnson becomes President of the US.
1964
August - In international waters of the Gulf of Tonkin North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked U.S. naval vessels engaged in surveillance of North Vietnam's coastal defenses. The Americans promptly launched retaliatory air strikes. At the request of President Johnson, Congress overwhelmingly passed the Southeast Asia Resolution—the so-called Gulf of Tonkin Resolution—authorizing all actions necessary to protect American forces and to provide for the defense of the nation's allies in Southeast Asia.
1965
March 8 - A few days after ROLLING THUNDER (a campaign of sustained, direct air strikes of the North) began, the 9th Marine Regiment went ashore in South Vietnam to protect the large airfield at Da Nang. They are the first US ground combat unit in Vietnam.
May - To protect American bases in the vicinity of Saigon, Johnson approved sending the 173d Airborne Brigade (Separate), to South Vietnam. The brigade secured the air base at Bien Hoa, just northeast of Saigon. US military strength in South Vietnam passed 50,000.
July 28 - President Johnson announced plans to deploy additional combat units and to increase American military strength in South Vietnam to 175,000 by year's end. The Army already was preparing hundreds of units for duty in Southeast Asia, among them the newly activated 1st Cavalry Division (Airmobile). Other combat units—the 1st Brigade, 101st Airborne Division, and all three brigades of the 1st Infantry Division were either ready to go or already on their way to Vietnam. Together with hundreds of support and logistical units, these combat units constituted the first phase of the build-up during the summer and fall of 1965.
November 8 - Moving deeper into War Zone D, the 173d Airborne Brigade encountered significant large scale resistance. A multibattalion Viet Cong force attacked at close quarters and forced the Americans into a tight defensive perimeter. Hand-to-hand combat ensued as the enemy tried to "hug" American soldiers to prevent the delivery of supporting air and artillery fire.
1968
The Tet Offensive - Communist plans called for violent, widespread, simultaneous military actions in rural and urban areas throughout the South—a general offensive. But as always, military action was subordinate to a larger political goal. By focusing attacks on South Vietnamese units and facilities, Hanoi sought to undermine the morale and will of Saigon's forces. Through a collapse of military resistance, the North Vietnamese hoped to subvert public confidence in the government's ability to provide security, triggering a crescendo of popular protest to halt the fighting and force a political accommodation. In short, they aimed at a general uprising.
Also hoping to spur negotiations, Communist leaders probably had the more modest goals of reasserting Viet Cong influence and undermining Saigon's authority so as to cast doubt on its credibility as the United States' ally. In this respect, the offensive was directed toward the United States and sought to weaken American confidence in the Saigon government, discredit Westmoreland's claims of progress, and strengthen American antiwar sentiment. Here again, the larger purpose was to bring the United States to the negotiating table and hasten American disengagement from Vietnam.
March 31 - President Johnson announced his decision not to seek reelection in order to give his full attention to the goal of resolving the conflict. Hanoi had suffered a military defeat, but had won a political and diplomatic victory by shifting American policy toward disengagement.
The Marines at Khe Sanh held fast. Enemy pressure on the besieged base increased daily, but the North Vietnamese could not conduct an all-out attack. The Marines still held the high ground strong holds around the base and Westmoreland decided to subject the enemy to the heaviest air and artillery bombardment of the war. His tactical gamble succeeded; the enemy withdrew, and the Communist offensive slackened.
1969
The last phase of American involvement in South Vietnam began under a broad policy called Vietnamization. Its main goal was to create strong, largely self-reliant South Vietnamese military forces, an objective consistent with that espoused by U.S. advisers as early as the 1950'S. But Vietnamization also meant the withdrawal of a half-million American soldiers.
March - American forces reach their peak strength of 543,000.
1970
Cambodia's neutralist leader, Prince Norodom Sihanouk, was overthrown by his pro-Western Defense Minister, General Lon Nol. A few weeks earlier, American B-52 bombers had begun in secret to bomb enemy bases in Cambodia. By late April, South Vietnamese military units, accompanied by American advisers, had mounted large-scale ground operations across the border.
May 1 - Units of the 1st Cavalry Division, the 25th Infantry Division, and the 11th Armored Cavalry followed. Cambodia became a new battlefield of the Vietnam War. Cutting a broad swath through the enemy's Cambodian bases, Army units discovered large, sprawling, well-stocked storage sites, training camps, and hospitals, all recently occupied.
1972
March 30 - The NVA Easter offensive began. Total U.S. military strength in South Vietnam was about 95,000, of which only 6,000 were combat troops, and the task of countering the offensive on the ground fell almost exclusively to the South Vietnamese. Attacking on three fronts, the North Vietnamese Army poured across the demilitarized zone and out of Laos to capture Quang Tri, South Vietnam's northernmost province. In the Central Highlands, enemy units moved into Kontum Province.
By late summer the Easter offensive had run its course; the South Vietnamese, in a slow, cautious counteroffensive, recaptured Quang Tri City and most of the lost province. But the margin of victory or defeat often was supplied by the massive supporting firepower provided by U.S. air and naval forces.
1973
The United States, North and South Vietnam, and the Viet Cong signed an armistice that promised a cease-fire and national reconciliation. Between 1973 and 1975 South Vietnam's military security further declined through a combination of old and new factors. Plagued by poor maintenance and shortages of spare parts, much of the equipment provided Saigon's forces under Vietnamization became inoperable. American military activities in Cambodia and Laos, which had continued after the cease-fire in South Vietnam went into effect, ended in 1973 when Congress cut off funds.
1975
North Vietnam's leaders began planning for a new offensive, still uncertain whether the United States would resume bombing or once again intervene in the South. When their forces overran Phuoc Long Province, north of Saigon, without any American military reaction, they decided to proceed with a major offensive in the Central Highlands. Neither President Nixon, weakened by the Watergate scandal and forced to resign, nor his successor, Gerald Ford, was prepared to challenge Congress by resuming U.S. military activity in Southeast Asia. The will of Congress seemed to reflect the mood of an American public weary of the long and inconclusive war.
What had started as a limited offensive in the highlands to draw off forces from populated areas now became an all-out effort to conquer South Vietnam. Thieu, desiring to husband his military assets, decided to retreat rather than to reinforce the highlands. The result was panic among his troops and a mass exodus toward the coast. As Hanoi's forces spilled out of the highlands, they cut off South Vietnamese defenders in the northern provinces from the rest of the country. Other NVA units now crossed the demilitarized zone, quickly overrunning Hue and Da Nang, and signaling the collapse of South Vietnamese resistance in the north. Hurriedly established defense lines around Saigon could not hold back the inexorable enemy offensive against the capital. As South Vietnamese leaders waited in vain for American assistance, Saigon fell to the Communists on April 29, 1975.
Consequences for Vietnam
o The war in Vietnam left deep wounds that aren′t healed up till today. Vietnam still suffers from the delayed effect of this war in ecological, social and economic fields ( and this is also valid for Laos and Cambodia).
o bombardments of whole areas destroyed the economy and infrastructure and the use of defoliant caused devastating and partly irreparable consequences
o where once were primeval forests are today just grass and scrubs
o about ten percent of the agricultural arable land was completely devastated
o till today nearly 1 million people suffer from the delayed effect of dioxin which can still be founded in food chains and which caused deformities, different types of cancer as well as a weakening of the immune system
o scientists assume that deformities like the Siamese twins or other genetic harms occurred because of the use of pesticide
o there were more than 2 million victims under the civilian population of Vietnam
o the neighbouring states of Vietnam felt overstrained by the number of refugees who wanted to left Vietnam during the war and when the war was over
Consequences for the USA
o the Vietnam War influenced and changed the attitude of many Americans towards their country; the times as the USA was something special and represented an example for other nations seemed to be over
o in the 1960s the positive image of America altered also in Germany
o about 57939 Americans lost their lives in this war and more than 153 000 were wounded
o the USA spent more than 112 thousand million dollar on that war
o the defeat changed completely the domestic and foreign policy of the United States
o combined experiences at the front were a deciding fact for the integration of black minorities (positive effect)
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